• 1 win foguetinho
• grand mondial casino bonus
• bet365 limite de saque
• caça niquel cleopatra gratis
• b2xbet bonus
• bwin pixie 777

Abstract

Snail's embryotoxicity test is a suitable approach for toxicity assay of traditional and emerging pollutants, environmental risk assessment, as well 💷 as screening and development of new molluscicides. Among the snail species, Biomphalaria spp. has been indicated as a promising model 💷 system for developing standardized test protocols for assessing the chemical toxicity using early developmental stages. Thus, the current study aimed 💷 to review the data available in the scientific literature concerning the experimental approach, type of chemicals and the response of 💷 multiple biomarkers (survival, hatching rate, development delays, morphological and behavior changes) in snail embryos applied in toxicity tests. Revised data 💷 showed that the use of Biomphalaria embryos to assess chemical toxicity began in 1962. Snail's embryotoxicity test was applied mainly 💷 for analyzing the toxicity and development of new molluscicides, while its use in ecotoxicological studies is emerging. Biomphalaria glabrata was 💷 the main species analyzed. Embryos exposed to chemicals showed bioaccumulation, mortality, hatching inhibition, development delays, and morphological malformations, which were 💷 classified into four categories (hydropic, shell, cephalic and unspecified malformations). Besides, research gaps and recommendations for future research are indicated. 💷 Overall, the results showed that the Biomphalaria embryotoxicity test (BET) is a suitable tool for toxicity and health risk assessment.